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The discovery of a magnetic buffer mechanism between confronting stars rewrites the astrophysics of stellar systems and galaxies, casting new light on the origin of gaseous planets, star formation processes, and the nature of gravity. This ground-breaking result was arrived at after building on the revolutionary Gauss-Vaniček spectral analysis (GVSA) to study the global decadal magnetic field variations of the Sun, Jupiter, and Saturn.
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Hydrodynamic turbulence under rotation is often encountered in geophysics and astrophysics, inspiring extensive research into the effects of rotation on turbulence. Amongst numerous scenarios in those studies, the rotating homogeneous decaying turbulence stands out as a canonical case study of turbulence theory. I report a physical 2nd-order closure model to simulate homogeneous decaying turbulence under uniform rotation, which corrects a previous solution. The rotation effects are functions of the rotation rate Ω, the parallel component of the Reynolds stress tensor, and the integral length scale along the rotation axis, together with its isotropic value. The results demonstrate that the new remedying model effectively reproduces theoretical predictions, aligning closely with data from direct numerical simulations and outperforming old physical models from the same class.
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The decadal global magnetoactivity evolution profile that precedes short-burst pulses in magnetar 4U 0142+61 and superhumps (superoutbursts) in dwarf novae now also emerges from mean least-squares spectra of >12 billion mission-integrated Galileo–Cassini–Juno 1996–2020 annual samplings of Jupiter ⪅8nT global magnetic field. For the first time in any planetary magnetosphere, the profile has revealed a ubiquitous primordial physical property: the presence of a high-power, pulsar-like global dynamic from temporally mapping hyperlow-frequency (<1μHz) systematic dynamics of Jovian magnetospheric signature in the solar wind (Rieger-resonance band of 385.8–64.3 nHz or ~0.3·10^9–3·10^9 erg energetic perturbations). The signature served as a proxy of Jovian magnetoactivity expressed in mean least-squares-spectral magnitudes as a novel method for measuring relative field dynamics. The magnetoactivity impressed thus and entirely into the solar wind, and it encompassed the well-known, solar system-permeating ~154-day Rieger period and its first six harmonics. Statistical fidelity of the spectral peaks remained within a very high (Φ≫12) range of 10^7–10^5, reflecting the signature’s completeness and incessantness. The magnetoactivity upsurge from spectral means that maintained a stunning ~20% field variance (total annual energy budget) began reformatting the signature around 1999, gradually transforming it into the anomalous state by 2002, as supported by an increased anisotropic splitting of spectral peaks. By contrast, a comparison against 2005–2016 Cassini global samplings revealed a calm Saturnian magnetoactivity at a low ⪅1% field variance except for every ~7.1 yrs when it is ⪅5%, possibly due to orbital–tidal forcing. While this discovery of planetary pulsars as a new pulsar class calls for redefining pulsars to include failed stars, a global pulsation profile of the magnetar–novae type in a failed-star-turned-planet calls for beacon-orbiter missions to monitor Jupiter’s activity and its disruption capacity to solar system infrastructure. Shannon’s theory-based rigorous Gauss–Vaniček least-squares spectral analysis revolutionizes astrophysics by directly computing relative dynamics of global astrophysical fields and space physics by rigorously simulating completed orbits and fleet formations from a single spacecraft.
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A Sun–Jupiter decade-scale magnetic tangling appears from Wilcox Solar Observatory 1975–2021, N–S≲150 μT mean field data as a global response of solar magnetic fields to the recently discovered pulsar-like varying evolution of Jupiter global magnetoactivity in the 385.8–64.3 nHz (1–180-day) band of Rieger resonance of the solar wind since 2001. The Jovian sudden deviation has been so high at an extreme ≲20% field variance that it appears to have forced solar magnetoactivity devolution into an inverse-matching response at an effectively moderate ≲1.5% mean field variance. Thus, as Jupiter's decadal magnetoactivity evolved in a rare, increasingly sinusoidal fashion, seen in astronomy not only in magnetars but dwarf-novae as well, the Sun began reducing its magnetoactivity in a decreasingly sinusoidal fashion ~2002 (the epoch of Abbe number drop) to the solar cycle 24 extreme minimum. For a check, 2004–2021 WIND spacecraft data revealed a <0.5-var% (<5-dB) calm ≲50 nT interplanetary magnetic field at L1, slightly undulated by the Jupiter evolution. This revelation excluded the solar wind or the Sun as impulse sources, which agrees with the statistical fidelity waning down Jupiter–L1–Sun diffusion vector spaces, as 10^7–10^3–10^2. Magnetic tangling of stars with their hot (<0.1 AU) Jupiters was blamed in the past for observed star pulsation and superflaring 10^2–10^7 times more energetic than the strongest solar flare. Accordingly, the Sun's apparent ante-impulse locking creates a shock-absorbing mechanism—a routine Sun shutter response to Jupiter's remnant yet recurrent attempted phasing into the flare-brown-dwarf state—with which the Sun enters a grand minimum (sleep mode). I then propose that, since the mechanism must be primordial, Jupiter intermittently becomes an indirect driver of climate on Earth as the Sun prepares to discharge the mechanism-stored energy as a non-extinction ~10^32-erg superflare (currently overdue). At the same time, this shutting-venting magnetism buffer represents a universal stellar defense mechanism by which stars repel other (active and inactive) incoming stars. The discovery explains Milky Way observations of the ~1:3 relative scarcity of companion-stars systems and why binaries, and progressively multinaries, occur more often with the stellar mass increase, i.e., as this sifting mechanism—remarkably efficient in dwarfs as predominant yet less massive star type—naturally weakens, yielding to gravity. The mechanism could be vital to our understanding of the origin of Jupiter, star formation processes, and the nature of gravity.
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Northern Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean encountered multiple natural disasters in the last decade, including earthquakes. While it is a long-known fact that the primary active tectonic structure here is in Sub-Saharan Africa, there are recent assessments of North African earthquake seismicity characteristics. With those studies in mind, and since databases of historical and instrumented earthquakes commonly are treated as tools crucial in evaluating the risk of future earthquakes, we have compiled a comprehensive and consistent North African earthquake catalog spanning 112 BCE to March 2023 CE and using both database types. The compilation comprised instrumented seismicity records from local and international sources, covering the area between 20N˚ to 40N˚ and -20E˚ to 40E˚. The datasets contain all known earthquakes with a magnitude M≥3 (to emphasize that the catalog is incomplete for all earthquakes M>3), totaling 138886 of those events. After cross-examining it against presently available information, we removed all duplicate earthquakes from our compilation. In addition, we performed declustering with two algorithms to eliminate any dependent events. We subsequently tested the updated catalog for completeness. Finally, we employed an orthogonal regression method to derive empirical relationships and determine moment magnitudes, Mw. The study analyzes seismic source zones, determining a- and b-values and maximum estimated magnitudes for 54 seismogenic zones of nine regions according to two declustering approaches at estimated minimum magnitudes of M3.0 and M3.5. The highest b-value, 1.09, is in Shore Egypt/Red Sea, while the highest a-value, 4.27, is in the Atlantic offshore. In our study, we relied on previous works, and our results agree with the results of those.
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Physical modeling of Lg-wave attenuation is used in designing resilient and safer civil engineering structures and is thus vital for seismic hazard mitigation. I here report an attenuation model for one of the most active seismic sources of Himalayas-determined Northeastern region (NER) of India—the Eastern Shillong Plateau–Mikir Hills (ESPMH) tectonic domain—based on four well-constrained regional crustal earthquakes between 2007–2011. Frequency-dependent attenuation of Lg wave has crustal quality factor QLg≈48.92±1.08 and its frequency dependency of η≈0.97±0.16. The model is strictly high-frequency dependent (η=0.97), indicating that Lg attenuates dominantly by the scattering mechanism. The attenuation becomes critically high around the frequency of 0.5 Hz, the same as in the most tectonically active regions of the world. The extra low value of Qo=48.92 is the lowest reported from any continental part of our planet, which reveals a most attenuative Earth's crust posing a high seismic threat. As the results imply an extensive, seismically potentially destructive presence of melts/aqueous phases in Earth's crust, the probability of a damaging earthquake in and around ESPMH is non-negligible. Multiple additional factors contribute to the gross attenuation of Lg, as it is reasonable to account for the anomalously high attenuation in the NER Archaean as dominantly lithologically hardest and Earth-oldest terrane, making the new model pertinent to Earth's tectonically most active regions.
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The most important discovery of 2023: an excentral wobbling core (really) runs the Sun and trillions of Sun-like stars. The Sun mimics ordinary rotating machinery.
Main takeaways:
- the study paints for the first time a complete picture of the macroscopic dynamics of the Sun (99.9% of the solar system's mass);
- first-ever conclusive direct (from in situ data) detection of the solar core and its global dynamics;
- the core does not share a common center of mass with the rest of the Sun but lays instead off-center towards the south;
- the eccentric core then naturally wobbles once every ~2 years, causing the Sun to resonate like any operating motor engine;
- unlike engines firmly caged to prevent vibrational damage, the cageless Sun vibrates freely and completely;
- complete (including excess) global vibration consists indeed of constructive (resonance) and destructive (antiresonance) vibration;
- incessant vibration causes the Sun to (differentially) spin and emit its excess mass into space as the solar wind;
- the Sun's magnetic polarity reverses every ca. 11 years due to the wobbling core flipping under the global vibration;
- the Sun thus continuously behaves as an ordinary engine (revolving-field motor) rather than impulsively as an elusive dynamo;
- interior engine sparking manifests on the surface as sunspots; surface engine sparking—as nanoflares and explosions (CMEs);
- explained the 154-day Rieger period in the solar wind's flapping, which dominates the solar system, e.g., causes seismicity;
- the discovery is in excellent agreement with sunspot historical records, remote data, and the experiment;
- the new result then instantly replaced the dynamo concept/models with the magnetic alternator from mechanical engineering;
- as based on verified reproducible computations from in situ/global data at highest energies, the results are conclusive/unquestionable;
- the new standard Sun applies to the >100 billion trillions of little-understood Sun-type stars (most, not counting dwarfs).
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Rather than as a star classically assumed to feature elusive dynamo or a proverbial engine and impulsively alternating polarity, the Sun reveals itself in the 385.8–2.439-nHz (1-month–13-years) band of polar (φSun>|70°|) wind’s decadal dynamics, dominated by the fast (>700 km s^−1) winds, as a globally completely vibrating revolving-field magnetic alternator at work at all times. Thus North–South separation of 1994–2008 Ulysses in situ <10nT polar-wind samplings reveals Gauss–Vaníček spectral signatures of an entirely ≥99%-significant, Sun-borne global incessant sharp Alfvén resonance (AR), Pi=Ps/i, i=2…n, i∈ℤ ∧ n∈א, accompanied by a symmetrical sharp antiresonance P(-). The ideal Sun (slow winds absent) AR imprints to the order u=136 into the fast winds nearly theoretically, with the northerly winds preferentially more so. The spectral peaks’ fidelity is very high (≫12) to high (>12) and reaches Φ>2∙10^3, validating the signatures as a global dynamical process. The fast-wind spectra reveal upward drifting low-frequency trends due to a rigid core and undertones due to a core offset away from the apex. While the consequent core wobble with a 2.2±0.1-yr return period is the AR trigger, the core offset causes northerly preferentiality of Sun magnetism. Multiple total (band-wide) spectral symmetries of solar activity represented by historical solar-cycle lengths and sunspot and calcium numbers expose the solar alternator and core wobble as the moderators of sunspots, nanoflares, and coronal mass ejections that resemble machinery sparking. The real Sun (slow winds inclusive) AR resolves to n=100+ and is governed by the Ps=~11-yr Schwabe global damping (equilibrium) mode northside, its ~10-yr degeneration equatorially, and ~9-yr southside. The Sun is a typical ~3-dB-attenuated ring system, akin to rotating machinery with a wobbling rotator (core), featuring differentially revolving and contrarily (out-of-phase-) vibrating conveyor belts and layers, as well as a continuous global spectrum with patterns complete in both parities and the >81.3 nHz(S) and 55.6 nHz(N) resolution in lowermost frequencies (≲2 μHz in most modes). The global decadal vibration resonantly (quasi-periodically) flips the core, thus alternating the magnetic polarity of our host star. Unlike a resonating motor restrained from separating its casing, the cageless Sun lacks a stator and vibrates freely, resulting in all-spin and mass release (fast solar winds) in an axial shake-off beyond L1 at discrete wave modes generated highly coherently by the whole Sun. Thus, the northerly and southerly antiresonance tailing harmonic P(-17) is the well-known PRg=154-day (or Ps/3/3/3 to ±1‰) Rieger period from which the wind’s folded Rieger resonance (RR) sprouts, governing solar-system (including planetary) dynamics and space weather. AR and its causes were verified against remote data and the experiment, thus instantly replacing the dynamo with a magnetoalternator and advancing basic knowledge on the >100 billion trillions of solar-type stars. Shannon’s theory-based Gauss-Vanicek spectral analysis revolutionizes astrophysics and space science by rigorously simulating fleet formations from a single spacecraft and physics by computing nonlinear global dynamics directly (rendering spherical approximation obsolete).
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The discovery of clocking between the Sun-emitted waving jets of gas (solar wind) and seismicity on Earth, Moon, and Mars rewrites seismology and the astrophysics of stars and stellar systems.
In his 2019 fundamental discovery of the moon-moderated mechanism for generating M6.2+ strong (tectonic) earthquakes and sequences on timescales of hours to days (https://www.openpr.com/news/1886974/the-most-important-scientific-discovery-of-2019-seismic), Dr. Mensur Omerbashich established that this mechanism of external energy transfer/insertion into the Earth's system is resonant, so that mantle convection (internal heat) does not critically affect seismotectonics, in contrast to classical understanding. GPS data subsequently confirmed that find (https://n2t.net/ark:/88439/x073994).
Now expanding on these results, Dr. Omerbashich shows in a new computational study that the Sun forces strong seismicity and does so not only on Earth but on the Moon and Mars too - all three worlds on which we directly collected seismometer data. The new study thus confirmed the long-suspected connection between the Sun (the magnetism) and strong seismicity, and it deciphered how that interplay works on long timescales of months to years - the clocking mechanism. To achieve this, Omerbashich used the Gauss-Vaniček spectral analysis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss-Vanicek) as the only method for rigorously extracting periodicity from gapped measurements.
As found in the 1970s, the Sun constantly and periodically releases large amounts of its particles into space as gas jets of magnetized hot plasma called the solar wind. The wind's magnetization creates the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Akin to gigantic tongues of fire, these densely packed jets of overheated gas flap gracefully and quasiperiodically (locally briefly) about the ecliptic. Together with other particles, including those from sudden Sun explosions, the solar wind forms a bubble of magnetism called the heliosphere. This bubble permanently envelopes our entire solar system as our star tugs us while tirelessly circumnavigating the Galactic Center.
As found in the 1970s, the Sun constantly and periodically releases large amounts of its particles into space as gas jets of magnetized hot plasma called the solar wind. The wind's magnetization creates the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Akin to gigantic tongues of fire, these densely packed jets of overheated gas flap gracefully and quasiperiodically (locally briefly) about the ecliptic. Together with other particles, including those from sudden Sun explosions, the solar wind forms a bubble of magnetism called the heliosphere. This bubble permanently envelopes our entire solar system as our star tugs us while tirelessly circumnavigating the Galactic Center.
As found in the 1970s, the Sun constantly and periodically releases large amounts of its particles into space as gas jets of magnetized hot plasma called the solar wind. The wind's magnetization creates the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). Akin to gigantic tongues of fire, these densely packed jets of overheated gas flap gracefully and quasiperiodically (locally briefly) about the ecliptic. Together with other particles, including those from sudden Sun explosions, the solar wind forms a bubble of magnetism called the heliosphere. This bubble permanently envelopes our entire solar system as our star tugs us while tirelessly circumnavigating the Galactic Center.
The new result applies not only to the vicinity of our Sun but also stellar systems around billions of trillions of Sunlike stars in the observable universe (which means most of the stars out there, not counting dwarfs). The exact mechanism of local coupling of the solar/stellar wind to solid matter, resulting in rupturing (quakes) on planets and moons, is poised to become the focus of cross-disciplinary research worldwide in the coming quest for universal quake prediction - anywhere and at any time. The groundbreaking new study was published online last week in the world's oldest periodical in geophysics, the Journal of Geophysics (https://n2t.net/ark:/88439/x040901).
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Global seismicity on all three solar system bodies with in situ measurements (Earth, Moon, and Mars) is mainly due to the mechanical Rieger resonance (RR) of macroscopic flapping of the solar wind, driven by the well-known PRg=~154-day Rieger period and commonly detected in most heliophysical data types and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Thus, InSight mission marsquakes rates are periodic with PRg as characterized by a very high (≫12) fidelity Φ=2.8·10^6 and by being the only ≥99%-significant spectral peak in the 385.8–64.3-nHz (1–180-day) band of highest planetary energies; the longest-span (v.9) release of raw data revealed the entire RR, excluding a tectonically active Mars. To check this, I analyzed the rates of the October 2015–February 2019, Mw5.6+ earthquakes, and all (1969–1977) Apollo program moonquakes. To decouple the magnetospheric and IMF effects, I analyzed the Earth and Moon seismicity during the traversals of the Earth’s magnetotail vs. IMF. The analysis showed with ≥99–67% confidence and Φ≫12 fidelity that (an unspecified majority of) moonquakes and Mw5.6+ earthquakes also recur at RR periods. Approximately half of the spectral peaks split but also into clusters that average into the usual Rieger periodicities, where magnetotail reconnecting clears the signal. Moonquakes are mostly forced at times of solar-wind resonance and not just during tides, as previously and simplistically believed. There is no significant dependence of sun-driven seismicity recurrence on solar cycles. Earlier claims that solar plasma dynamics could be seismogenic due to electrical surging or magnetohydrodynamic interactions between magnetically trapped plasma and water molecules embedded within solid matter or for reasons unknown are corroborated. This first conclusive recovery of the global coupling mechanism of solar-planetary seismogenesis calls for a reinterpretation of the seismicity phenomenon and reliance on global seismic magnitude scales. The predictability of solar-wind macroscopic dynamics is now within reach, which paves the way for long-term, physics-based seismic and space weather prediction and the safety of space missions. Gauss–Vaníček Spectral Analysis revolutionizes geophysics by computing nonlinear global dynamics directly (renders approximating of dynamics obsolete).